A cadaveric study of arteriovenous trigone of heart: the triangle of Brocq and Mouchet.

Left coronary artery divides into anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch. As both the arteries run in their corresponding grooves, an arteriovenous trigone is formed between conus arteriosus and left auricle called triangle of Brocq and Mouchet. The triangle base is formed by great cardiac vein. This study aims to describe the frequency of triangle and its type and relationship between various boundaries and content of triangle and to supplement the existing knowledge of clinicians. This observational and descriptive study was conducted on 40 formalin fixed cadaveric hearts in department of anatomy, Kalpana chawla government medical college. The triangle was found in 92.5% of specimen with most common type being closed (51.3%) which is followed by inferiorly open in 35.1%, superiorly open in 8.1% and completely open in 5.4% hearts. Most frequent content of triangle was median artery followed by diagonal branches of anterior interventricular and circumflex branches. The mean area of the triangle was 246.3 mm2. Relationship of vein with two arterial branches was either superficial or deep. The knowledge of different patterns of existence will be required for angiographic procedures. Further the triangle is a potential epicardial access route to left fibrous ring. Thus detailed knowledge of variations will help cardiologist to achieve better outcome in interventional procedures with minimal complications.

Correlation between Second to Fourth Digit Ratio and Anthropometric Variables Indicative of Cardiovascular Disease

Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker. Regarding indirect evidence, there have been several studies that link the waist-tohip ratio (WHR) with the 2D:4D ratio. If the 2D:4D ratio is associated with testosterone and estrogen levels, it may be correlated with a risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the present study is to find out the correlation between anthropometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the 2D:4D ratio in 250 young females of the state of Haryana in Northern India. The present study was conducted on 250 females of the Haryana population aged between 17 and 35 years old. A series of 8 anthropometric measurements was obtained from the participants: height, weight, 2D:4D ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), neck circumference (NC), and WHR. The data was collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical computation using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Strong positive associations between the NC and the WHR confirm that both measures are indicative of body fat. Also, a positive correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and the WHR suggests that low androgen levels in women are associated with a greater risk of obesity.Moreover, this result, as well as the positive correlation between 2D:4D ratios and NC, suggest that the digit ratio is indicative for being overweight in women and suggest a predisposition toward cardiovascular disease ­ however, these correlations of body measurements with digit ratios are not significant.

Effect of hand preference on second to fourth digit ratio and its role in sexual dimorphism: a study in 300 Haryanvi Brahmins and 300 Kashmiri Pandits

The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker, related to prenatal estrogen and testosterone levels in-utero and determined genetically by HOX genes. The prenatal effects of testosterone on development of brain hemispheres are considered as a key factor in etiology of left-handedness. Besides sexual dimorphism, 2D:4D ratio shows significant ethnic and population differences. The aim of the present study is to provide an authentic database on right and left 2D:4D ratios in two different ethnic groups of a particular age and sex, and study its correlation with handedness and sexual dimorphism. The study was conducted on 300 Haryanvi Brahmins (150 each of either sex) and 300 Kashmiri Pandits (150 each of either sex) of the age group of 18 years and above. The values for 2D:4D ratio was calculated for both the hands. Hand preference was established according to Edinburgh Inventory and five hand-preference determination groups were constituted after calculation of laterality score. The results were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean values for 2D:4D ratio in both the ethnic groups were found to be higher in females than in males. When the values of 2D:4D ratio were assessed by sex, the values were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). When relationship between laterality score (indicator of hand preference) and 2D:4D were examined, the values were found to be significant only in Haryanvi Brahmins (males) on the right side (AU)

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Multidisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of a tooth with two trauma episodes: systematic review and report of a case.

Studies have shown that some children and adolescents are affected only once with dental trauma, while others seem to be accident-prone and suffer from multiple dental trauma episodes. Less is known about treatment consequences related to repeated traumatic dental injuries to the same tooth and treatment guidelines are not well established. Complicated crown fractures and crown-root fractures pose difficulties for dentists to establish adequate treatment plans because these fractures require multidisciplinary knowledge and approach for a correct case planning and prognosis. The objective of this paper was to present and discuss a case of a child who sustained a second trauma to the same tooth following treatment of an earlier sustained crown fracture. The research-based background for establishment of the treatment plan is discussed. Reattachment of tooth fragment is a minimal invasive and esthetic method. Essential advantage of the reattached teeth is the fact that all the alternative methods as direct adhesive resin reconstruction, veneers and crowns can be performed in case of failure or a refracture. As a consequence of initial trauma, the tooth suffered a complicated crown fracture which was resolved by endodontic therapy and fragment reattachment. During follow-up, the child suffered a second trauma resulting in dislodgement and fracture of the reattached fragment and a crown-root fracture extending subgingivally with involvement of the biologic width. A conservative restorative option is described. After 1 year of follow-up, the clinical and radiographic findings demonstrated that the adopted clinical protocol was successful and yielded healthy periodontal tissues with no signs of periradicular pathosis. The occurrence of repeated traumatic dental injuries to teeth involving conservative management of both crown-root fracture and complicated crown fracture on the same tooth is extremely rare and a challenge for dental professionals to treat.

Trauma-induced dentigerous cyst involving an inverted impacted mesiodens: case report.

There have been only a small number of studies on the association of dentigerous cysts with supernumerary teeth. The purpose of this article was to report the case of a dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted inverted mesiodens that developed secondary to trauma to its predecessor, a non-vital permanent maxillary central incisor. As a consequence of trauma, the central incisor's root development was prematurely arrested and the open apex lay close to the follicle of the underlying inverted mesiodens. The negligent attitude of both the child and parent in seeking dental treatment was a contributing factor. The case was further complicated by impaction of the adjacent permanent central incisor due to the presence of another unerupted but normally oriented mesiodens. Occlusal and Intraoral periapical radiographs revealed a well-defined radiolucent area surrounding the inverted mesiodens. Microscopic examination revealed a cystic cavity that was lined by 2-3 cell thick non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resembling reduced enamel epithelium. Dentigerous cysts associated with impacted permanent teeth are not uncommon but the cysts which are induced by trauma are uncommon. Development of trauma-induced dentigerous cyst around an inverted impacted mesiodens associated with the periapical area of a traumatized, non-vital, immature permanent central incisor is a rare occurrence.